Pharmacy Journals - Open Access

The International Journal of Green Pharmacy (ISSN-0973-8258) is published quarterly in the last weeks of March, June, September and December by the B R Nahata Smriti Sansthan, Mandsaur, MP, India.

The journal provides immediate free access to its scientific contents and does not charge the authors fee for submission, processing or publication of the manuscripts. Manuscripts could be submitted online from  www.journalonweb.com/ijgp.


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The Indian Journal of Pharmacy was started in 1939 as "a quarterly journal devoted to the Science and practice of Pharmacy in all its branches". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (0250-474X), is the official scientific publication of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association. It started in 1939 as the Indian Journal of Pharmacy. The journal is published bimonthly.


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Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences is an international medium of interaction between scientist, academicians and industrial personnel’s. Original research articles and critical reviews on interdisciplinary aspects of pharmaceutical sciences, medicinal chemistry, medicine, biotechnology, biomedical and other bioallied sciences will be published.Submissions on novel applications focussing on timely interest and newer research concepts will be given more preference. 
Authors are requested to submit their manuscript online on our new submission system at www.journalonweb.com/jpbs
New website: www.jpbsonline.org


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Journal of Young Pharmacists [An addendum to InPharm Communiqué] is an official quarterly Journal published by InPharm Association : URL www.inpharm.org (A Young Pharmacists Group of India) J Young Pharm is a peer-reviewed open-access quarterly journal featuring research articles of exceptional significance in all areas of Pharmaceutical sciences. J Young Pharm provides comprehensive coverage of issues affecting Pharmaceutical education and Career. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJPPS) is an online Journal. This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy, Natural Product Research, Pharmaceutics, Novel Drug Delivery, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest). The Journal publishes original research work either as a Full Research Paper or as a Short Communication. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics is an online journal devoted to the excellence and research in the pure pharmaceutics. This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmaceutical sciences (with special emphasis on Conventional Dosage Forms, formulation development and characterization, Pharmaceutics, Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Molecular Drug Design, Polymer based drug delivery, Nanotechnology etc.). The Journal publishes original research work either as a Full Research Paper or as a Short Communication. Review Articles on a current topic in the said fields are also considered for publication by the Journal. The journal believes in pure pharmaceutics based research. However the other areas which are related to the pharmaceutics are also entertained. Areas of particular interest include: physical pharmacy; polymer based therapeutics, nanocarrier based drug delivery  biopharmaceutics; novel routes and modes of delivery; responsive delivery systems, prodrug design; Development and characterization of the targeted drug delivery systems, ligand carrier interactions etc. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AJPCR publishes original research in the field of Pharmaceutical andClinical Sciences. The Journal has been designed to cover all the fields of research, which has any correlation and impact on Pharmaceutical Science. It aims to publish all the original research in field of science so a correlation can be made between these researches. Knowledge gained by such researches can be exposed to all and it can be brought in real utilization as all the branches of science are correlated and will assist all the researchers to potentiate their research capabilities.

Electrostatic Potential Maps

The electrostatic potential map paints the value of the electrostatic potential onto an electron density surface to get a description of the electrostatic characteristics of target drug [1]. By convention, colours toward red depict negative potential, while colours toward blue depict positive potential and colours between depict intermediate values of the potential. Thus, this drug has both, negative and positive well defined regions, which increase the interaction possibilities from the electrostatic point of view. Thus, especially when H-bonding (electrostatic in nature) is involved, the calculation of the electrostatic surfaces can be very useful to visualize the sites of interaction in both hosts and guests to predict their affinities [2]. Analysis of qualitative data obtained by EP calculations also provides useful information for explaining the differential ability of molecular analogs to act with a common receptor. In the present work, electrostatic potential maps were constructed for candidate drug to analyze the characteristics of the electrostatic potential.

Refrences:

1. Abbott N J; (2005), International Congress Series; 1277, 3-18.

2. Hua Gao, V. Shanmugasundaram and Pil Lee, (2002), Pharmaceutical Research; 19(4), 497-503.

Drug dissolution (log S)

The solubility of drugs in water is of central importance in the process of drug discovery and development, from molecular design to pharmaceutical formulation and biopharmacy because oral absorption is dependent on the compound dissolv- ing in the aqueous of the gastrointestinal tract (dissolution) and then traversing the actual barrier of the gas- trointestinal tract to reach the blood (Smith et al., 2006). Dissolution depends on the surface area of the dissolving solid and solubility of the drug at the sur- face of the dissolving solid. Yalkowsky (1999) has noted that log S correlates well with log P, but with an additional term involving the melting point (mp) for the crystalline solute, it is given as:

Log S = 0.8 - log P - 0.01(mp-25)

Virtually all drugs have aqueous solubilities of log S > -6.

Refrences:

1. Smith QR, Fisher C, Allen DD (2000). Blood-brain barrier: drug delivery and brain physiology. Proceedings of the OHOLO Conference on Blood-Brain Barrier, 44th, Sept 10-14,2000, Israel. Springer. ISBN: 0306467089. PP. 311-332.

2. Yalkowsky SH (1999). Solubility and solubilization in aqueous media, Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN: 978 0841

23576 2. PP. 73-104.

Blood brain barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is of pivotal importance in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS), as it closely regu- lates the composition of the interstitial fluid in the brain (Nienke et al., 2006). The BBB at the level of brain microvessels creates the largest surface area known as the ‘barrier interface’ (12-20 m2/1.3 kg of brain) and has the greatest influence on drug delivery to the brain. It is the most important site for regulating drug access to the brain, given its large surface area and the short diffusion distances from capillaries to neurons (10-15 µm) (Nienke et al., 2006).

The experimental determination of logBB (blood-brain barrier) is a time-consuming, expensive and dif- ficult technique, requiring animal experiments and the synthesis of the test compounds, usually in radiola- beled form (Schlageter et al., 1999; Chikhale et al.,1994). It is of considerable value to predict logBB val- ues of compounds from their physicochemical param- eters or, ideally, from their molecular structures.

So, the value ascribed to this ability is calculated as demonstrated by Clark (Clark and Patrick, 2000).

LogBB = -0.0148 (PSA, Polar Surface Area) + 0.152 log P + 0.139

References:

1. Nienke de VA, Beijnen JH, Boogerd W, Tellingen OV (2006). Blood- brain barrier and chemotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors. Exp Rev. 6: 1199-1209.

2. Clark DE, Pickett SD (2000). Computational Prediction for the prediction of ‘drug likeness’. Drug Discov Today. 5: 49-58.

Lipophilicity and Partition Coefficient Log P

An important consideration, although somewhat underrated, for the predictive design of drugs is their lipophilicity, i.e. the relative hydrophilic and lipophilic properties of the molecules. On various occasions, this property has been interpreted as a measure of the permeation of drugs across cell membranes and their subsequent migration into the nucleus. The transport of anticancer drugs through alterations affected membranes in the lipophilicity of drugs and the prevailing media in passive transports, and the properties of the carrier systems used in active transports [1].

Partition or distribution coefficients are critical elements in efforts designed to describe the uptake, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of organic chemicals in biological systems [2]. High log P values imply high solubility and good penetration of lipid membranes, but by implication, low solubility in aqueous phases, and, hence the inability for the molecule to be transported through the body. Molecules with high log P also tend to be substrates of the metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, in which case, first pass effects can remove much of the administered drug candidate before it can reach its target area [3].

References:

1. Gnewuch C T and Sosnovsky G; Critical appraisals of approaches for predictive designs in anticancer drugs, Cell. Mol. Life Sci; 2002,59; 959 -1023.

2. Jepson G W, Black R K, Mccafferty J D, Mahle D A and Gearhart J M; A partition coefficient determination method for nonvolatile chemicals in biological tissues, Toxilogical Sciences; 1993, 22,4,519-524.

3. Nienke de Vries A, Beijnen J H, Boogerd W and Tellingen O V; Blood-brain barrier and chemotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors Future Drugs; 2006, 6,8, 1199-1209.

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of a drug is the rate at which the drug becomes available to the body and the extent to which the dose is ultimately absorbed after administration. The extent of bioavailability directly influences plasma concentrations, as well as the therapeutic and toxic effects resulting from oral drug administration. Drugs with poor bioavailability are inefficient because a major portion of a dose never reaches the plasma to exert a pharmacological effect. Low bioavailability is also associated with large inter- subject variability in plasma concentrations and effects. Incomplete oral bioavailability has various causes. These include poor dissolution or low aqueous solubility, degradation of the drug in gastric or intes- tinal fluids, poor intestinal membrane permeation, and presystemic intestinal or hepatic metabolism (Turner et al., 2003). Bioavailability values for drugs can be predicted by:

Bioavailability (%) = -45.20 + 5.08 (electron affinity) + 4.09 (aromatic ring count) -15.83

(HOMO) -3.34 (log F) -0.09 (molar volume) -0.72 (volumetric HLB ) -4.75 x 10 (water solubility) + 1.18 (Hansen’s hydrogen-bonding solubility parameter).

Predicted bioavailability of the drugs in the test set was used to evaluate the best overall predictive opti- mum performance model. The linear correlation between predicted and observed values is an indication of the quality of the model predictions.

Reference

Turner JV, Glass BD, Kustrin SA (2003). Prediction of drug bioavailability based on molecular structure. Anal Chim Acta.

485: 89-102.